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Abstract Terpenes are the largest class of small-molecule natural products on earth, and the most abundant by mass. Here, we summarize recent developments in elucidating the structure and function of the proteins involved in their biosynthesis. Figure 1. Terpene Biosynthesis in Solanum. (A) Biosynthesis of cis-andtrans-prenyldiphosphates. (B) Chemical structures of some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes synthesized by tomato TPSs. (C) The general pathway in plants to the synthesis of ent-kaurene (a precursor of gibberellins) from GGPP and the synthesis of Z-abienol from GGPP in N. tabacum. Especially the recently obtained structural data of prenyltransferases and various kinds of terpene synthases resulted in an evolutionary model that involves six domains (α, β, γ, δ, ε, and ζ) for the biosynthesis of linear polyisoprenoids from IPP and DMAPP and their subsequent transformation into (poly)cyclic terpenes. Terpene Biosynthesis: Modularity Rules Prof. Dr. Dr. Eric Oldfield Corresponding Author eo@chad.scs.uiuc.edu Department of Chemistry and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801 (USA) Here, we review recent developments in the field of triterpene biosynthesis, give an overview of the genes and enzymes that have been identified to date, and discuss strategies for discovering new triterpene biosynthetic pathways. Keywords oxidosqualene cyclases, metabolic gene clusters, specialized metabolites, sterols, synthetic biology The biosynthesis of C 5 -C 25 terpenoid compounds Paul M. Dewick* School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD Received (in Cambridge) 8th November 2001 First published as an Advance Article on the web 22nd January 2002 Covering: 1998-2000. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 1999, 16, 97 Biosynthetic pathways for terpene-derived natural products found in hop trichomes, showing EST abundance in the hop glandular trichome cDNA library. A, The MEP pathway leading to DMAPP biosynthesis. B, General reactions of mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. C, Prenylflavonoid and bitter acid biosynthesis. involved in natural products biosynthesis. Genome organization (intron number, size, placement and phase, and exon size) of these gymnosperm terpene synthases was compared to eight previously character-ized angiosperm terpene synthase genes and to six putative terpene synthase genomic sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana. Terpenoid biosynthesis toolkit of Trichoderma Natural Product Communications Vol. 11 (4) 2016 433 Figure 4: Organization of putative terpene cyclase gene clusters in the genomes of three Trichoderma spp. (Tv- T. virens, Ta- T. atroviride, Tr- T. reesei). phate synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, geranyl geranyl-pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS), and squalene synthase (Figure 2). Other candidate terpene synthases as well as other levels of regulation must also be involved. The results of this study provide novel insights into the complexity of terpene biosynthesis in natural populations of a non-model organism. Keywords: Terpene, Essential oil, Functional characterisation, Gene expression, Natural population Bac