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Linear dielectrics are also divided by polar and non-polar. Polar dielectrics are organic liquid and solid dielectrics, characterised by dipole-relaxation and electronic polarisation. Non-polar dielectrics are gases, liquids and solids in crystalline and amorphous forms, and are characterised by electronic polarisation. vacuum as the dielectric. Typical values of ε for dielectrics are: Material DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (ε) Vacuum 1.000 Dry Air 1.0059 Barium Titanate 100-1250 Glass 3.8-14.5 Quartz 5 Mica 4-9 Water distilled 34-78 Soil dry 2.4-2.9 Titanium dioxide 100 Dielectric constant ( ε) is given by C0 C ε = , t A C 0 0 ε = Where Dielectric Constants of Common Materials MATERIALS DEG. F DIELECTRIC CONSTANT BRONYL CHLORIDE 94 5.21 BUTANE 30 1.4 BUTANOL (1) 68 17.8 BUTANONE 68 18.5 Dielectrics are materials in which the electrical field can exist for a long time and that are receptive to electromagnetic waves up to the optical range; therefore in dielectrics the electromagnetic energy spreads, slows down, absorbs, accumulates, and can be transformed. The most important property of dielectrics is electrical polarization types: electronic polarization ionic polarization orientational polarization space charge or interface polarization electronic polarization: arises due to displacement of positively charged nucleus and negatively charge electrons in opposite directions, when electric field is applied. finally creating a dipole moment in the dielectric … Di erent Types of Antennas{Heuristics 279 Figure 28.2: In a Yagi-Uda antenna, when a wire antenna is less than half a wavelength, it acts as a waveguide, or a director. Then the wire antenna is slightly more than half a wavelength, it acts as a re ector [130]. Therefore, the antenna radiates predominantly in one direction (courtesy of Wikipedia Examples of Dielectric Material. Dielectric materials can be solids, liquids, gases, and vacuum. Solid dielectrics are highly used in electrical engineering. Some examples of sold dielectrics are porcelain, ceramics, glass, paper, etc…. Dry air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride and the oxides of various metals are examples of gaseous dielectrics. Threre are four types of dielectric polarization 1. Electronic polarization 2. Ionic polarization 3. Orientational polarization 4. Space charge polarization 1. Electronic polarization The Tree and Bush type electric discharge structures Fig. 21.2. An example of thick dielectric breakdown . 101 The nature of breakdown is very different in thin dielectrics compared to thick dielectrics. It is uncorrelated and random in nature. For thin dielectrics the transport of the electrons through it is ballistic A dielectric gas, or insulating gas, is a dielectric material in gaseous state. Its main purpose is to prevent or rapidly quench electric discharges.Dielectric gases are used as electrical insulators in high voltage applications, e.g. transformers, circuit breakers (namely sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers), switchgear (namely high voltage switchgear), radar waveguides, etc. Difference between Dielectric and Insulators. Dielectrics are often confused with insulator